Adrenomedullin: an important participant in neurological diseases

Adrenomedullin,a peptide with multiple physiological functions in nervous system injury and disease,has aroused the interest of researchers.This review summarizes the role of adrenomedullin in neuropathological disorders,including pathological pain,brain injury and nerve regeneration,and their treatment.As a newly characterized pronociceptive mediator,adrenomedullin has been shown to act as an upstream factor in the transmission of noxious information for various types of pathological pain including acute and chronic inflammatory pain,cancer pain,neuropathic pain induced by spinal nerve injury and diabetic neuropathy.Initiation of glia-neuron signaling networks in the peripheral and central nervous system by adrenomedullin is involved in the formation and maintenance of morphine tolerance.Adrenomedullin has been shown to exert a facilitated or neuroprotective effect against brain injury including hemorrhagic or ischemic stroke and traumatic brain injury.Additionally,adrenomedullin can serve as a regulator to promote nerve regeneration in pathological conditions.Therefore,adrenomedullin is an important participant in nervous system diseases.     

穴位敷贴结合运动疗法对膝骨性关节炎的治疗价值评估

目的探讨穴位敷贴联合运动疗法对膝骨性关节炎的治疗效果。方法100例膝骨性关节炎患者,按照随机摸球法分为实验组与参照组,各50例。实验组应用穴位敷贴结合运动疗法治疗,参照组口服非甾体消炎止痛药治疗。比较两组治疗效果。结果实验组的优良率80.00%与参照组的78.00%比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论两种治疗方案都可实现治疗膝骨性关节炎的目的,穴位敷贴联合运动疗法治疗膝骨性关节炎具有成本低、价格便宜、经济实惠等优势。     

新冠肺炎疫情防治背景下针灸治疗肺系疾病的选穴规律分析＊

目的 回顾近10年发表的针灸治疗肺系疾病的临床研究文献，归纳选穴规律。方法 计算机检索中国知网（CNKI）、中文科技期刊全文数据库（VIP）、中国生物医学光盘数据库（CBM）、万方数据库（Wanfang）近10年发表的相关文献。运用Excel 2016、古今医案云平台（V2.1）进行数据挖掘，分析穴位频次、归经、分布，并对穴位进行关联分析、聚类分析、复杂网络分析。结果 文献筛选后，共纳入350篇文献，涉及81个腧穴，腧穴总使用频次为1648次，文献研究共涵盖42种治疗方案，使用频率最多的方案为穴位贴敷，文献报道最多的疾病为“哮病”（217篇），以距离 ≥ 300为界，可将腧穴分为六组，通过复杂网络得出穴位核心处方为肺俞、定喘、大椎、天突、膻中、肾俞、脾俞。结论 针灸治疗肺系疾病选穴以选取临近部位的腧穴与具有调节肺系功能的腧穴为主，在新型冠状病毒肺炎（corona virus disease 2019，COVID-19）治疗中，可选择肺俞、定喘、大椎、天突、膻中、肾俞、脾俞等腧穴，并根据分期特点进行临证加减。本研究结果可为针灸治疗肺系疾病与COVID-19选穴方案提供一定参考，为相关科学研究提供借鉴。     

Performance standard-based validation study for local lymph node assay: 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine-flow cytometry method

Local lymph node assay: 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine-flow cytometry method (LLNA: BrdU-FCM) is a modified non-radioisotopic technique with the additional advantages of accommodating multiple endpoints with the introduction of FCM, and refinement and reduction of animal use by using a sophisticated prescreening scheme. Reliability and accuracy of the LLNA: BrdU-FCM was determined according to OECD Test Guideline (TG) No. 429 (Skin Sensitization: Local Lymph Node Assay) performance standards (PS), with the participation of four laboratories. Transferability was demonstrated through successfully producing stimulation index (SI) values for 25% hexyl cinnamic aldehyde (HCA) consistently greater than 3, a predetermined threshold, by all participating laboratories. Within- and between-laboratory reproducibility was shown using HCA and 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene, in which EC2.7 values (the estimated concentrations eliciting an SI of 2.7, the threshold for LLNA: BrdU-FCM) fell consistently within the acceptance ranges, 0.025–0.1% and 5–20%, respectively. Predictive capacity was tested using the final protocol version 1.3 for the 18 reference chemicals listed in OECD TG 429, of which results showed 84.6% sensitivity, 100% specificity, and 88.9% accuracy compared with the original LLNA. The data presented are considered to meet the performance criteria for the PS, and its predictive capacity was also sufficiently validated.     

Dermal safety assessment of Arm & Hammer laundry products formulated for sensitive skin

Context: The prevalence of sensitive skin among the general population in industrialized countries is reported to be over 50%. Sensitive skin subjects often report significant reactions to contact with cosmetics, soaps and other consumer products.

Objective: This paper describes the overall skin compatibility and mildness program for a newly developed, lightly fragranced, colorant free laundry product (i.e. Arm &; Hammer? Sensitive Skin plus Skin-Friendly Fresh Scent), specially formulated for individuals with sensitive skin. The skin mildness of the product was compared to Arm &; Hammer? Free &; Clear liquid laundry detergent with no fragrance or colorant, and an established history of safe use by sensitive skin consumers.

Materials and methods: The test material was a liquid laundry product with a light scent formulated for sensitive skin consumers (Arm &; Hammer? Sensitive Skin plus Skin-Friendly Fresh Scent). The product was compared to commercially marketed products for sensitive skin with a history of skin safety in the marketplace, including: a very similar product formulation (Arm &; Hammer? Free &; Clear with no fragrance), and several selected competitors’ products. Studies were conducted among individuals with self-assessed sensitive skin (based on a questionnaire) using standard protocols for the Human Repeat Insult Patch Test (HRIPT), 10-Day Cumulative Irritation, the Wrist Band Wear test, and the Safety In-Use testing. Responses in all protocols were evaluated by visual scoring of potential dermatologic reactions, and recording any sensory effects at the time of the examination. In addition, sensory effects collected from panelists’ daily diaries were also evaluated.

Results: The HRIPT confirmed that neither the fragrance alone, nor the product formulation with fragrance, induced contact sensitization in sensitive skin subjects. The 10-Day cumulative irritation study conducted using sensitive skin subjects showed highly favorable skin compatibility, and the test product was comparable to the control product (Arm &; Hammer Free &; Clear) and other nonirritant controls. In the Wrist Band Wear test, exposure to laundered fabrics under exaggerated conditions gave similar results for the test and control products, with no objective signs of skin irritation, and no self-reported persistent adverse sensory effects. Very mild, transient and isolated sensory effects were noted in daily diaries by a small proportion of subjects, and were similar for the test and control products. The Safety In-Use tests evaluated 4-week exposure to product and laundered fabrics under realistic use conditions. There were no clinically objective signs of skin irritation, and reports of transitory, mild sensory effects were minimal and similar for the test and controls.

Discussion and conclusion: A comprehensive skin safety program on a lightly scented sensitive skin laundry formulation (i.e. Arm &; Hammer? Sensitive Skin plus Skin-Friendly Fresh Scent) conducted among panels of self-assessed sensitive skin subjects demonstrated that the presence of a light fragrance did not adversely impact skin compatibility in any of the testing protocols when the product was compared to a similar product with no fragrance. The lightly fragranced product demonstrated overall skin compatibility and mildness when tested in a self-assessed sensitive skin population, and compared favorably to currently marketed sensitive skin products.